Major diseases and insect pests of tea

Major diseases and insect pests of tea

I. What are the main pest of tea? How scientific control?

1, tea leafhopper: pest mainly in adults, nymphs sucking sap of young shoots of tea, female adults lay eggs in young shoots in the stem, resulting in the growth of tea blocked, killed shoots curl, hardened, tip, margin red Brown scorch.

Camellia areas of low pest occurred in 12-13 generations, damage peak from May to June and September-October; mountain areas occurred in 8-9 on behalf of the insect, damage peak from July to September. To adults in the tea, legumes and weeds on the winter. Adults lay eggs on new shoots more than the second,

Clover in between the spears.

Control methods: (1) strengthen the tea garden management, clear the weeds between the garden and promptly picked several batches, eggs and reduce the deterioration of nutrition and breeding conditions, alleviate the hazard. (2) serious tea, winter insect population base, grasp the end of November to March next year

In mid-spraying malathion 50%, or 1,000 times phoxim to eliminate the winter Insect. (3) picking season forecasts based on insect nymphs before the peak in the use of biological pesticides TEMPO 1000 times or 2000 times 80% or 98% dichlorvos Bataan 1000 --- 1500 times.

2, tea mites: Tea mites are second only to tea on the harmfulness of a class of important leafhopper pest, because the body small, generally difficult to detect the naked eye, to be 10-fold increase in the microscope to observe the clear. Occurrence in the city are tea orange gall mite, gall mite of tea

, Tea mite be short, coffee and side small mite mites eat tarsal line.

3, tea orange gall mite: more common occurrence in the city, mainly in order to become, if taking into leaves and leaves mites sap, resulting in yellow-green leaves were killed, the main vein red-brown and dull, small brown dorsal stripe appears , shoots atrophy. Yellow or orange body of adult mites

Red, like the carrot-shaped, body front end has two pairs of feet, young, if pale yellow to light orange yellow mite.

Occurred more than 20 years on behalf of the pest, population mainly in the upper leaves and buds into leaves. High temperature, drought, high rainfall, a long period of rain environment, the number of small tea gardens insects, harmful light. There are two obvious peaks throughout the year, the first time in May-June, the second usually in the high

Temperature after drought.

Control methods: ① the end of autumn tea, late in November before the step of 0.5 degrees Baume lime sulfur spray to reduce the overwintering insect population base. ② implement batch picking times, can reduce insect population numbers. ③ In the event of spraying before the peak of 20% or 15% pyridaben eliminate mites Ling

2000 to 3000-fold or 25% buprofezin 800 - 1000 times.

4, tea mite tarsal lines: also known as lateral tarsal line mites eat, tea, line of semi-tarsal mites. As if the mites inhabit the suction surface of leaf juice, tea bud damage, the victim appeared rusty dorsal, thickened hardened, tip twisted deformity. Shoots atrophy. The mites occurred in 20 - 30 generations, to

Shoots of female adults in the residue, scales, petiole. Joint points and winter weeds. Hot and dry climate and environment conducive to its occurrence. Generally more dangerous place severe summer tea.

Control methods: light tea, orange gall mite.

5, gall mite of tea: The main damage as leaves and old leaves, the victim was tarnished bronze leaves, leaf veins along the dust clouds of white wax-like shed shell, leaves crisp easy to crack, a large number of severe defoliation.

The mites occurred in more than 10 generations to the dorsal adult mites overwinter in the tea. Favorable high-temperature dry season occurs throughout the year to July-October place height.

Control Method: Reference tea orange gall mite, but picking them in batches several times invalid.

6, tea mite be short: in order to become, if the mites sucking the juice into the leaves or old leaves, causing leaves lose their luster, dorsal often purple patch, the main veins and petioles brown, post-rotten, causing a large number of fallen leaves. The mites occurred in about 10 generations, mainly clustered in female adults

1-6 cm of soil under the root of the neck winter tea, a few in the dorsal, axillary buds and leaves in the winter. Most of the female mite tea, line of parthenogenesis, the main habitat of the dorsal hazards. Year to 7 - September hot dry season serious harm.

Control methods: (1) do a good job drought tea, tea leaves and remove weeds, improve management, enhance tree vigor and improve resilience. (2) after the end of autumn tea, before winter mites 0.3-0.4 degrees Baume spraying lime sulfur to control. (3) made in the mite

20% of students sprayed before peak or 15% pyridaben mites off times or 73% of the 2000-3000 Spirit Propargite 2000 times or 25% times the control quinalphos 1000-1500.

7, coffee, small red mite: as if the mite to mite into the leaf substance abuse, the victim leaves the local red, then dark red spots and dull. Dew is dry, the leaf surface shows a layer of fine silk, hand pinching the number of mites that see that many leaves stained with blood red spots, take a closer look leaves

Red worms crawling, there are many white mite molting near the body shell and egg shell.

Occurred in 10 --- 20 generations, generations overlap. Leaves more habitat damage. Eggs produced in the leaves of the front and scattered to the main lateral veins on both sides, and depression for many. Early, severe damage in autumn and winter.

Control methods: a short reference to tea, to be mites.

8, the tea aphid: the city but easy to control common garden pests. Polymer in the new shoots of tea aphid dorsal and often shoots the next, two leaves at most, the port needle into the leaves from time to time try to substance abuse within the organization, causing shoots atrophy, elongation stopped, or even shoot dead buds, and its excretion

Objects "honeydew" and can not only pollute the young shoots of coal induced disease. Occurred more than 20 generations a year, all the eggs or no dorsal fin aphid winter, early spring tea leaves more in the insect population on the lower leaves, gradually to the upper part of the spring as buds after shoot transfer, less summer insect population, and to

The lower part is more central than in autumn and bud tip as much.

Control methods: (1) timely pick several batches. (2) Pharmacy dimethoate 40% is usually used, 50% phoxim, 80% dichlorvos spraying 2000 times, especially to wet the back.

9, spiny whitefly: local tea in the city cause serious harm. Larvae together with the dorsal, fixed taking juice and excretion "honeydew" soot induced disease occurs. Killed leaves black, a large number of severe defoliation, resulting in weak grower, yield and quality of tea

.

Occurred in four generations of the insect to mature larvae overwinter in the dorsal, pupate the following year in March, April, and mid-emergence. Generations of larvae were in late April to late June, late June to early July, mid-July to early August and early October to December

. Oviposition in the dorsal, after the newly hatched nymphs crawl, that is fixed suck juice hazards.

Control methods: (1) strengthen the tea garden management: combination of pruning, Taiwan, mow, cultivation, weed and improve the conditions of air and light tea inhibit its occurrence. (2) biological control: The Weber Block cinerea insect powder 0.5-1.0 kg / mu or spraying method that is linked to bacterial branch

Block cinerea with a Webb worm hanging branches were placed around the bundle of tea, per square meter of 5 - 10 technology. (3) chemical control: According to the prediction of insect spray in 25% of eggs hatching buprofezin Uranus 800 times or 25% or 50% phoxim 1000 times 1000 times, be sure to pay attention to wet the leaves

Back.

10, Wen Li as a tea: black tea and weevil. Local tea cause serious harm our city. Larvae eat fibrous roots in the soil, mainly in the adult Yaoshi leaves, resulting in curved blade edge nick. All Garden Grottoes bald serious vein, impact on tea production and quality

Sound great.

Generation occurred one year to the larvae in the soil under the canopy of tea in the winter cluster, the following year after another pupate in late March, early April began to eclosion, excavated between 5-June for the adult infestation peak. A suspended animation of adult, the case shocked the flinching landing.

Control methods: (1) plow tillage, in addition to killing larvae and pupae can be. (2) the use of suspended animation adult sex, floors, plastic film, and then focus on eradication of forced vibration down. (3) in the adult unearthed before the applicator 871 Beauveria bassiana powder, mu powder 1 - 2 公斤 soil mixed with fine soil application

Above. (4) adult unearthed spraying before the peak of 2.5% or 98% of Uranus 800 times or 800 times Bataan 0.5-1.0 powder with 871 kg / mu mix.

11, tea leaf roller: mass 俗称 "package leaf beetle", "Volume Xin bug", the larvae roll leaves Results Nenshao or bonded into a shell a few pieces of leaves, up to 4 - 10 leaves, the larvae feeding on potential hazards which . Greatly reduce the serious tea quality and yield. Insect FAT

6 on behalf of students to mature larvae overwinter in the insect in the bud. See the beginning of each generation of larvae often in late March, late May, late July, early August, early September, early November, overlapping generations occur, the larvae of six age. Adults with phototaxis in blocks prolific egg

Foliage.

Control methods: (1) readily removed egg masses, bud worms, and to protect the parasitic wasp. (2) light trap and kill adults. (3) master control spraying 1,2-instar larvae. DDVP 80% can be used 1000 times or 2.5% or 25% quinalphos Uranus 800 times.

12, the tea cockroach moth: worm, also known as stem borers, the distribution of the tea growing area in our city. Moth larvae usually branches Zhusi branches, shoots stop elongation of the early branches, the latter bore hollow parts of branches all over the dead leaves and branches. Generation occurred in the insect order branches in the winter moth larvae. Times

Pupate in late March, pupate in late April peak, 5 months late for the adult peak. Adults lay eggs in young shoots two clover internode. Immature insects were young shoots a few days later, the top of the shoots wither into the branches to the third instar within the post, located near the end bore. Boring Road, straight over

Every bite a certain distance to the shadow side vents to wear nearly round, the bottom hole plot flocculent debris, leaves or the ground near the dark yellow powder product short cylindrical fecal pellets.

Control methods: (1) adult emergence peak, the light trap and kill adults. (2) after the end of autumn tea, from the next 5-inch vent at the bottom, cut off branches and kill the branches of insect larvae.

13, mosses and lichens: moss is a higher green plants, living in damp land, lichens are symbiotic bacteria and algae, according to form into fronds, shells, branched lichens, they can stem from the Ministry of tea up spread, causing brown rot of tea tree bark, long

Potential debilitating and seriously affect the normal growth and development. Raining in the spring or the rainy season, the fastest growing in the hot summer and cold winter, and stop growing.

Control methods: (1) strengthen field management, timely cultivation, weed and the slack season, in the rain with bamboo and other tools to scrape and readily removed from the park. Tea to keep clean, rational fertilization, cultivation strong tree vigor. (2) equal with 1% lime Bordeaux

Liquid injection, the effect of up to 90% in winter to be boiled with ash concentration painted leaching solution, but also have a good effect.

Second, What are the main diseases of tea? How scientific control?

1, the white spot of tea:

(1) symptoms: mainly against young leaves and shoots. Birth brown pinhead dots, after a small lesion gradually expanded into a round, less than 2 mm in diameter, the central depression, pale, brown around the bulge line. Black pellets scattered lesion late point, a tender

Lesions on leaves of up to hundred.

(2) the incidence pattern: The disease is a type of disease at low temperature and humidity. Mycelia on the patient leaves the winter, next spring, when the temperature rose to more than l0 ℃, in the high humidity conditions, the lesion on the formation of conidia, spread by wind and rain, against the immature bud tip. Low-temperature

Spring rain season, the most suitable for spore formation, causing epidemic disease. Morbidity mountains and tea plantation. Barren soil, N fertilizer applied bias, mismanagement are easy to disease.

(3) control methods: ① strengthening management, increasing P and K applied to enhance tree vigor, improve disease resistance. ② budding spraying in the spring protection, available 70% or 50% carbendazim thiophanate-methyl 1000 times every 7 days or so and then spray again.

2, tea cakes disease

Tea, also known as swelling disease, often occurs in high altitude tea, harm leaves, young shoots, petioles, diseased leaves bitter tea made from fragile.

(1) Symptoms: Early leaf spot appears on the small yellow Shuizi Zhuang, then gradually expand into a light brown spots, sharp margin, positive depression, back protruding into the pie, the raw off-white powder, and changed to dark brown ulcer-like spots.

(2) incidence of laws: The mycelium, or summering in the diseased leaves in the winter. Temperature 15 - 20 ℃, relative humidity above 85% morbidity environment. General from March to May and September-October between serious harm. Nightside than a front garden slopes prone disease, extensive management, weed

Ridden, improper fertilization, shade garden is also easy to disease.

(3) control methods: ① tea cake tea tree can be transported when the disease spread, quarantine should be strengthened. ② ground weeds, proper pruning tea rooms, to promote air and light, reduce the incidence. ③ Adding P and K, increased disease resistance, winter or early spring combined tea garden management

Removal of diseased leaves, which can effectively reduce the virus base. ④ picking tea in the early stages, spraying with 70% or 20% thiophanate-methyl Triadimefon 1000-fold, 10-15 days and spray again.

3, tea anthrax

⑴ Symptoms: The main hazards into the leaves or old leaves, lesions produce more from the leaf margin or tip, first as a Shuizi Zhuang; dark green circle, then gradually expanding or large irregular-shaped spots, brown or light brown color Finally, change gray, black pellets above the scattered points

. Lesion is no Physalospora, margin uplift tan lines, and the healthy part of the world was.

(2) incidence of laws: the mycelia in diseased leaves in the winter, the following year when the temperature rose to 20 ℃, relative humidity above 80% the formation of spores spread by rain. Humidity 25 - 27 ℃, high humidity conditions most conducive to disease. Year to the rainy season and autumn rainy season

Section height occurred. Cutting tea, Taiwan tea Kariya, young leaves, high moisture content, is conducive to disease. Incidence of N fertilizer applied bias tea is also heavy.

(3) control methods: ① strengthening tea garden management, Adding P, K fertilizer, improved disease resistance of tea. ② the early stages, 70% thiophanate-methyl spray chlorothalonil 500-800 times or times of 1000-1500.

4, tea blight

Mainly against old leaves, leaves, fruit, branches may also occur. Lesion occurred in the tip, leaf margin, showing semi-circular or irregular in shape, first as brown, Shuizi Zhuang and later brown, wavy on its Physalospora, moire-like shape. Finally, the Central lesion

Out changing the central gray, gray-black pellets on the raw points: along the Physalospora order. Disease at high temperature (20 ℃ above) and humidity (relative humidity above 80%) under the conditions of the incidence height. Weak grower, mismanagement, suffered damage, the tea garden pest incidence is also important.

Control Methods: According to tea anthracnose.

5, round spot of tea

To occur on old leaves into leaves and more, starting with the tip, leaf margin produces yellow-green dots, then gradually expand the round, semi-circular or irregular lesions. Brown lesions, concentric circles Physalospora significantly, post-central variable gray, with thick black students

Coarse pellets points arranged along the ring Physalospora, often brown lesion edge uplift line, the bacteria from the wound tissue to generate new invasive lesions of tea, hot and humid in summer and autumn the incidence more. Pruning or machine tea garden, tea garden pests, incidence of multiple severe. Tree

Potential weakness, poor drainage and tea are also important disease. Control Methods: According to tea anthracnose.

Using high-quality vegetables, but also yield a GA

GA GA 

English name: gibberellin 

Short: GA 

Blackpool United Kingdom in 1926 was discovered in Japan, when the red rice fungus infection occurs after the phenomenon of soaring plants, diseased plants are often higher than 50% higher than normal plants, and seed set greatly reduced, thus the name "Bakanae" . Scientists sprayed red mold filtrate medium to healthy rice seedlings, we found that some seedlings Although there is no center and red fungal infection, but emerged with Bakanae the same symptoms. Japan in 1938 and lived Tau Mu Tian Zhen Shinjiro refer encyclical fungal culture filtrate from the red to isolate such active substances, and identified its chemical structure. Named gibberellic acid. CA West and BO 1956 were proof of Phoenix widespread in higher plants, some of the material similar to gibberellic acid. 1983 has been isolated and identified 60 species. Generally divided into two types of free state and bound, referred to GA, were named as GA1, GA2 and so on. 

GA contains (-) - GA alkyl skeleton, its chemical structure is complicated, is the diterpene compound. Gibberellin in higher plants is generally considered the precursor recent kaurene. A variety of GA is the difference between the double bond, hydroxyl number and location. GA is a free state 19C or 20C of the one, two or three carboxylic acid. Grapes are mostly bound gibberellin glucoside or glucose ester, soluble in water. 

GA can be extracted with methanol. GA can use a variety of different chromatographic separation techniques. Diluted purified gibberellin treatment dwarf plants, such as dwarf corn, to observe the promoting effect of high growth, can identify their biological activity. Different in different biological activity of gibberellin, gibberellic acid (GA3) the highest activity. High activity of the compounds must have a gibberellic-loop system (loop ABCD), the C-7 carboxyl group on the A ring has a lactone ring. 

GA content of plants in different parts, seeds, the most abundant, especially in the mature stage.

1. Distribution: widespread --- quilt, gymnosperm, ferns, brown algae, green algae, fungi and bacteria, found in many parts of the growth of strong, such as the stem end, leaves, root and fruit seeds. Contents: 1 ~ 100Ong · g-1 fresh weight, fruit and seeds (especially immature seeds) and vegetative organs of the gibberellin content of more than two orders of magnitude. Each organ or tissue contains more than two gibberellin, and gibberellin in the type, quantity, and status (free or bound state) are due to vary during plant development. 

2. Transport ---- GA and auxin is different from the polarity of its transport does not show, (along the catheter tip upward transport synthetic ---, --- leaves produce downward along the sieve tube transport). Transport speed between different plants vary greatly, such as the dwarf peas 5cm · h-1, peas 2.1mm · h-1, potato 0.42mm · h-1. 

3. Exist in the form: free gibberellin (free gibberellin) --- not in the form of bond with other materials, is easily extracted from the organic solvent. Belong to the physiological activity; with gibberellin (conjugated gibberellin) - Gibberellin and other substances (such as glucose) combined to break through acid hydrolysis or protease to release free GA and is no physiological activity. Bound-type: This is a storage form of GA. When the seeds mature, GA-based storage into a bound, and in seed germination, but also into the free to play its regulatory role model. 

4. The major dosage forms and content: 4%, 6% EC gibberellic acid GA 40% aqueous gibberellic acid soluble tablet granules 75% 20% 85% crystalline powder, crystalline powder. Major manufacturers are: Wo Qingdao hundred Bio Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Qianjiang Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai Co., Ltd., with the Swiss biotechnology. 

The most prominent physiological effect of GA is to promote stem elongation and the induction of long-day plants in the bolting, flowering under short days. GA-sensitive variety of plants to different degrees. Genetic dwarf plants such as dwarf corn and peas on the most sensitive to GA, the GA treatment and non-dwarf plant type similar; non-dwarf plant only a slight response. Some dwarf plant genetic reasons is the lack of endogenous gibberellin (some are not.) GA plays in the regulation of seed germination. Many cereal seeds of plants such as barley starch, rapid hydrolysis in germination; if the embryo removed, no starch hydrolysis. No embryos with gibberellin seed treatment, but also hydrolysis of starch to prove that GA can replace the embryo caused by starch hydrolysis. GA can substitute red for light-sensitive lettuce seed germination and plant carrots instead of vernalization required for flowering. GA also cause some plants to form one of the fruit. Some plants, especially seedless grape varieties, in flowering with gibberellic acid, can promote the development of seedless fruits. But sometimes there are certain physiological phenomena inhibition. 

On the mechanism of GA, is studied more thoroughly to the embryo of barley seeds of its starch hydrolysis induced. Sterilized by gibberellin treatment to the embryo of barley seeds, found that GA3 significantly enhanced in the aleurone layer of the new α-amylase synthesis, which led to the hydrolysis of starch. Complete germination in barley seeds, the embryo contains the GA, secreted into the aleurone layer to go. In addition, GA3 also stimulated protein synthesis of aleurone cells, promote the secretion of RNA enzymes and glucanase. 

GA used in agricultural production, in some respects better results. Such as increasing the yield of seedless grapes, potatoes break dormancy; in brewing beer, prepared with GA3 to promote the use of barley malt germination; when the late rainy cold and heading slowly, use of GA can promote ear; or Hybrid Rice Seed Production in flowering regulation in order to meet the parents of the flowering period. 

If you use too much gibberellin, side effects can cause lodging, so use a strong element to help regulate the same time, increase potassium. 

Gibberellic to ent-alkyl (gibberellane) as the basic skeleton of a tetracyclic diterpene plant hormones. By the ent-kaurene (ka-urene) biosynthesis. According to the order may be called the separation of gibberellin A (abbreviated as GA). Now identified more than forty of gibberellin, but not necessarily all have physiological effects. With r-lactone C19-GA and its precursors C20-GA, GA is bound to exist. GA bacteria from rice bakanae 〔completely generations Gi-bberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wλ, not entirely generations Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon〕 separate the culture medium, is a leggy rice seedlings can cause the material, from Blackpool Britain found one in 1926 and subsequently by the Tau Mu Tian Zhen Shinjiro and live refer encyclical (1928) was crystallized and named. The crystallization of the active ingredient was identified as GA1, GA2 and GA3 mixture. With J. MacMilan and J. Suter (1958) GA1 isolated from higher plants has been, up to now has been more than 20 species, lower plants with GA, also widely exist in plants. In higher plants, GA is in the immature seeds, buds and roots and other organs in the synthesis. Physiological role of a typical GA can promote the growth of branches, especially to promote the overall growth of plants without harm. Dwarf plant that is mostly due to the body of the GA synthesis system, caused by genetic abnormalities occur, and for the supply of GA, you can return to normal by the dwarf. Rosette plants were growing, even in non-induced conditions, GA treatment also enable it to bolting. On root growth is generally not effective. Promote the growth of GA, that is to promote the cell division and cell elongation of two, but that role is to promote the elongation is closely related with the role of auxin. In addition, GA also has to break the seed and bud dormancy and promote long-day plants flower when short days to induce parthenocarpic grapes inhibit certain plant species and other effects of aging. In the cereal aleurone layer of seeds, can induce a-amylase (endosperm test method), RNase and protease enzymes such as the re-synthesis. 

GA is a class of compounds are diterpene plant hormones. Blackpool in 1926, the Japanese pathologists Bakanae disease of rice found in rice plants occurred is a leggy red secretions caused by mold. 1935 red from the rice fields of Japan Tau isolated an active fungal products, and get crystals, known as the gibberellin (GA). The first GA was isolated and identified as gibberellic acid (GA3), higher plants and microorganisms have been isolated from 70 species out of GA. Because GA is carboxyl, it is acidic. Endogenous gibberellin to two forms of free and bound there, you can transform into each other. 

GA pH 3 to 4 the most stable solution, pH value is too high or too low will cause the physiological activity of GA into the pseudo-free or gibberellic acid GA. Gibberellin precursor is kaurene. Some growth retardants, such as amoxicillin -1618 and the CCC can inhibit the formation of kaurene, Fox Square-D can inhibit kaurene into GA. GA formation in plants is generally part of leaves, buds, immature seeds, young roots and young tissue. GA different kinds of plants exist in the different organs. Young leaves and twigs to form the top of the output through the phloem of gibberellin, gibberellin produced roots upward through the xylem transport. 

Physiological activity of GA in the strongest, most studied is GA3, it can significantly enhance plant stems, leaf growth, especially for genetic and physiological-type dwarf-type plants significantly promote; can replace some of the seed germination The light and temperature conditions needed to promote seed germination; make long-day plants flower under short days, shorten the life cycle; can induce flowering, the male flower to increase the number of melons, induced parthenocarpy, improve fruit set and promote fruit growth and delay senescence. In addition, GA3 can also be used to prevent fruit rot; flowering in cotton spraying can reduce Leiling off; potato seed soaking to break dormancy; barley malt pretreatment can improve the yield and so on. 

Many physiological effects of gibberellin plant tissues and its regulation of nucleic acids and proteins related to seed it not only can activate a variety of enzymes, but also the promotion of new enzyme synthesis. GA3 induced the most studied is the barley α-amylase in the formation of a significant role. Also induced protease, β-1, 3 - glucosidase, the enzyme RNA synthesis. GA stimulation of stem elongation and nucleic acid metabolism, it first acts on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the DNA activation, and then transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), translated from the mRNA-specific proteins. 

The physiological role of GA 

Promote the conversion of maltose (induced the formation of α-amylase); promote vegetative growth (root growth without promoting effect, but significantly promote the growth of stems and leaves), to prevent shedding and breaking dormancy and other organs. 

The most prominent effect of GA is to accelerate cell elongation (GA can improve the content of auxin in plants, and growth hormone directly regulates cell elongation), on cell division but also promote the role, it can promote cell expanded (but not caused by cell wall acidification)

Fertilizer from the most influential trade show insight into the direction

November 13, Nanjing International Exhibition Center. Fertilizer industry in Nanjing, China ushered in the domestic industry's most influential trade shows high concentrations of phosphate and compound fertilizer. The good news will keep coming off: Domestic fertilizer prices slump after six months, "up" has finally sounded. According to incomplete data, the current domestic price of urea factory tons a high of 1,800 yuan was still hovering, and the average price of ammonium phosphate factory prices go all the way to 2,600 yuan, the price is almost triple the first half of the high concentration compound fertilizer prices; potash at 10 month price for the first time broke through the 2,600 yuan / ton mark, setting a historical record.

By the impact of rising fertilizer prices, Nanjing compound fertilizer conference this year, the fertilizer industry is still making "the biggest piece of cake show." According to official data, Nanjing compound fertilizer to more than 220 exhibitors, including 64 exhibition companies, 163 standard booths, show gross revenue of about 400 million. Scale than the previous session, Hefei compound fertilizer increased slightly.

Held in Nanjing, phosphate and compound fertilizer fertilizer Dongchu critical period in the market Dikaigaozou, ups and downs of the market outlook uncertain. But the well-known enterprises is still a firm supporter of the General Assembly. Open directory of more than 200 exhibitors, Guizhou Kailin, Yuntianhua, Shanxi Fengxi, Hubei Yihua and other large enterprises, "old faces" still, and Beijing Lei Li, Xiamen of Fujian and the other is the "new name" is also refreshing. Although still in the number of Northern Enterprises occupy half, but the South also is ambitious enterprise: Sichuan and Guizhou Kailin Mei Fung co-handedly the banner of the enterprise has become the highlight of the meeting.

The discharge of phosphate and compound fertilizer meeting nearly three years, the industry forum will be the most intensive process. Size of the last 10 sessions held in two days focus on the audience to "run will" participate in industry dialogue, as visits to enterprises outside of the most fashionable show booth. In addition to the traditional fertilizer policies, phosphorus, sulfur and fertilizer Seminar on conventional issues such as market outlook forecast, the water-soluble fertilizer forum as a new type of fertilizer caused a heated debate, delegates will be the venue pushed overflowing. And the General Assembly of the "official" business forum was also held simultaneously in the various "private" forum, related to agricultural marketing, technical seminars, product launches and other broad elements. Flourishing of a variety of issues, so supporting the Forum in phosphate and compound fertilizer and breadth of subject matter to further expansion.

In China, the largest performance stage compound fertilizer enterprises, enterprises in the mentality of ups and downs of life experiences become more mature. The venue as a conference co-sponsor of the Sichuan Meifeng represents not only the South out of the tens of million of business brisk special exhibition fee, also famous cars also go to the booth, adding to the festive atmosphere of the industry; the venue, the history Stanley fertilizer manufactured this meeting, "the largest outdoor advertising", played the brand value of 1.427 billion yuan, Nanjing event into a booster.

Numerous exhibitions through lively content, the changes are visible clues: a strong atmosphere of the show novelty: the new fertilizer significantly increased the representatives of enterprises. To slow-release fertilizer, water soluble fertilizer, ecological fertilizer, trace elements, represented by the last Legco fertilizer significantly increased in the past show the dominance of the traditional fertilizer is no longer. The traditional concept of compound fertilizer manufacturers have begun and features innovative, loss of control-type compound, chelate-type fertilizer industry by focusing on such concepts.

Various types of pesticide poisoning first aid

Various types of pesticide poisoning, first aid 

1, the organic phosphorus: 

High insecticidal effect of organophosphorus pesticides, the toxicity to humans and animals also big. Currently the vast majority of pesticide poisoning is caused by organic phosphorus pesticides. If adults take a drop of liquid to parathion poisoning, 2 to 3 drops can cause death. 

The role of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and skin three ways to cause poisoning. Organophosphorus pesticides enter the body through the blood, lymph soon transported to various body organs, the most abundant in liver, kidney, lung, bone, followed by muscle and low levels in brain tissue, and its toxicological effect is to inhibit cholinesterase in the human body enzyme activity was, so that loss of cholinergic enzymes ability to break down acetylcholine, so that excessive accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. Poisoning, mainly due to failure of central respiratory failure, respiratory muscle paralysis and asphyxiation; bronchial spasm, bronchial cavity sink mucus, increased respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, and promote death. 

(1) poisoning symptoms: according to the disease can be divided into mild, moderate and severe categories. ① mild poisoning symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, chest tightness, blurred vision, loss of appetite and so on. 

② Moderate symptoms: In addition to the mild symptoms of poisoning, but also a mild difficulty in breathing, muscle tremors, miosis, trance, unsteady gait, sweating, salivation, abdominal pain and diarrhea. 

③ severe poisoning symptoms: In addition to the mild and moderate symptoms, but also coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, foaming at the mouth, pulmonary edema, miosis, incontinence, convulsions, respiratory paralysis. Early or mild poisoning is often overlooked, and the symptoms of heat stroke enteritis and other diseases with similar flu should be taken seriously enough.Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning symptoms can be caused by different varieties and different. Dimethoate poisoning symptoms, incubation period is longer, and longer migration time symptoms, but also with changing trends, improvement will occur after repeated, and then suddenly developed symptoms could easily lead to death. Malathion poisoning after oral intake of serious illness, longer duration, there will be repeated later. Oral dichlorvos poisoning, coma soon, prone to respiratory paralysis, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema; percutaneous poisoning headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, sweating, pinpoint pupils, pale and so on, skin blisters and burns and other symptoms. Parathion, the percutaneous absorption of phosphorus poisoning, serious poisoning if the headache that intensified after poisoning of myocardial damage was caused contraction of cardiac weakness, low blood pressure and other circulatory failure. 

(2) First aid: the poisoned away from the scene, where the air fresh, clear toxins, pollution, underwear off, immediately flush skin or eyes. On by lead poisoning, vomiting should be taken immediately, gastric lavage, catharsis and other emergency measures. (3) Treatment: antidote to take timely and correctly, with the commonly used organophosphate antidote anticholinergic agents and cholinesterase agent. 

① with anti-cholinergic agent. Atropine is the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning one of the most effective antidote, but for advanced respiratory paralysis is not valid. Treatment with atropine to early, full, fast, complex. Of mild poisoning by subcutaneous injection of atropine 1 to 2 mg every 4 to 6 hours intramuscularly or orally from 0.4 to 0.6 mg of atropine, until symptoms disappear. Of moderate poisoning, 2 to 4 mg of atropine intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after the repeated injection of 1 to 2 mg of atropine after the switch to achieve the maintenance dose, subcutaneous injection every 4 to 6 hours 0.5 mg. Of poisoning by mouth, started 2 to 4 mg of atropine intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine to reach every 2 to 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 0.5 to 1 mg of atropine untilsymptoms. For severe poisoning, skin or respiratory tract caused by poisoning, starting with 3 to 5 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine after the use of maintenance dose every 2 to 4 hours IV A atropine 0.5 to 1 mg. Poisoning of the digestive tract, beginning with 5 to 10 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine of every 1 to 2 hours after the intravenous injection of 0.5 to 2 mg of atropine until the symptoms disappear. Atropine of the indicators: the pupil dilated than before, the heart rate to 120 times faster, mouth dry, facial flushing, decreased salivation, decreased lung wet rales disappeared, to reduce disturbance of consciousness, coma and began to recover, abdominal swelling , bowel sounds decrease, bladder and other urinary retention. These indicators must be integrated to determine not only see an index to the withdrawal, according to the specific circumstances of low-dose maintenance, in order to avoid repeated illness. Note: One can not blindly in the diagnosis of unknown large doses of atropine, in order to avoid atropine poisoning. Second, severe hypoxia, oxygen should be immediately and maintain smooth breathing. Both atropine treatment. The third is associated with elevated body temperature, the use of physical cooling after atropine. Atropine combined with cholinesterase agents should reduce the dosage of atropine. ② The cholinesterase agent. Commonly used pralidoxime chloride given phosphorus, phosphorus double recovery. Pralidoxime: mild poisoning with 0.4 ~ 0.8 g pralidoxime, and then glucose or saline 10 to 20 ml diluted made after intravenous injection, repeated every 2 hours. Moderate poisoning with 0.8 to 1.2 grams for the slow intravenous injection, with a 0.4 hour after the intravenous injection of 0.8 g of 3 to 4 times. Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 1.2 g for half an hour repeat, with 0.4 grams per hour after the intravenous injection or drip. Phosphorus chloride given: those with mild poisoning from 0.25 to 0.5 g intramuscular injection, if necessary, 2 to 4 hours after the repeat. Moderate poisoning the muscle with 0.5 to 0.75 grams or intravenous, 1 to 2 hours after repeated once every 2 to 4 hours after injection of 0.5 g to get better reduction or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with 0.75 ~ 1.0 g muscle or intravenously, half an hour is still not effective can be repeated once every 2 hours after intramuscular or intravenous injection of 0.5 grams, get better, as appropriate, reduction or withdrawal. Double Complex P: Mild poisoning by intramuscular injection of 0.125 to 0.25 grams, if necessary, repeat 2 to 3 hours. Moderate poisoning 0.5 g muscle or intravenous injection, repeated injection of 2 to 3 hours, depending on withdrawal of medication condition improved.Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 0.5 to 0.75 grams, half an hour later is not effective, can be further injection of 0.5 grams. Every 2 to 3 hours after injection of 0.25 g repeated until condition improves. Note: One should be used within 24 hours after poisoning enough, and to maintain 48 hours. Second, cholinesterase agent therapy of parathion, the absorption of phosphorus, phorate poisoning effect is significant, but for dichlorvos, trichlorfon pesticide poisoning poor efficacy. The third is to strictly control the course of treatment dosage, overdose will produce intoxication. Fourth, complex agents on renal function can have some damage on people with kidney disease should be used with caution. Fifth, special attention should not be used as prophylactic atropine or pralidoxime exposure to organophosphorus pesticides drugs to people who otherwise would mask the early signs and symptoms of poisoning, the delay time of their treatment. (4) Chinese Herbal Medicine: Available mung bean, licorice Jianshui the one or two services. Tuo carrots can also be spread from 0.3 to 0.9 g Jianshui service. Rooster Tail and honeysuckle can also use the four ounces, licorice twenty-two Jianshui service. (5) Acupuncture: Acupuncture dizziness, headache can be the sun, the wind pool points; nausea and vomiting during acupuncture off, antiemetic point; abdominal pain in the abdominal acupuncture, acupoint; diarrhea acupuncture Tianshu, air sea, diarrhea and other points; acupuncture Dazhui twitch Zusanli, chi point; breathing difficulties stimulation of phrenic nerves. It should be noted that acupuncture must have specialized skills of doctors in this area implementation. 

(6) symptomatic treatment: those on oxygen breathing difficulties, severe artificial respiration.Cerebral edema should be rapidly to dehydration diuretic drugs, but also protect the brain cells to take drugs, dehydration in a large number of sweat, the salt should be added, pay attention to electrolyte balance. Prohibit the use of organophosphate poisoning morphine, theophylline, phenothiazines, reserpine. 

2, carbamates: 

Carbamate pesticides commonly used varieties are: carbaryl, Zhongding Wei, Ye Fei San, cartap, pirimicarb, metolcarb, mixed off Granville, isoprocarb, methomyl, etc., which can be through the respiratory tract , digestive tract, skin, causing poisoning. Of these pesticides is also a cholinesterase inhibitor, but it is different from the organic phosphorus preparation, it is the combination of the molecules and cholinesterase, so the smaller the degree of hydrolysis of the more toxic too. It forms a complex with AChE alone, this complex easily hydrolyzed in the body, rapid recovery of cholinesterase activity may be, it combines with the cholinergic enzyme is reversible, inhibition of choline esterase longer able to fast, it is generally not cause serious poisoning. Phthalocyanine of the carbamate cholinesterase unstable, making the carbamate pesticide poisoning symptoms appear quickly, usually a few minutes to 1 hour is shown, making the toxic dose and lethal dose were significantly different. Another blood ChE activity can not be tested for toxicity indicators. Carbamate pesticide poisoning deaths are mostly the cause of death and pulmonary edema, respiratory disorder. 

(1) poisoning symptoms dizziness, headache, weakness, pale, nausea, vomiting, sweating, salivation, miosis, blurred vision. Severe drop in blood pressure, consciousness blurred, skin contact dermatitis, such as rubella and local swelling and itching, conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, chest tightness, shortness of breath. Metabolism of these pesticides in the body but fast, fast excretion, mild poisoning in general, in 12 to 24 hours to fully recover faster in the 1 to 2 hours to recover. 

(2) First Aid from the scene immediately to fresh air place, take off clothes, wash thoroughly with soap and water. Poisoning by mouth such as gastric lavage to immediately induce vomiting. Note clear the airway in the dirt, breathing difficulties were to be taken on artificial respiration. Infusion can accelerate the toxic discharge, but to prevent pulmonary edema. 

(3) treatment with atropine best effect, with 0.5 to 2 mg oral or intravenous or intramuscular injection, repeated every 15 minutes to atropine, maintaining atropinization until symptoms disappear. Can not be used longer able agent. To atropine treatment of pulmonary edema occur mainly severe illness increases with adrenaline. Excessive water loss to infusion therapy.Respiratory tract disease should pay attention to maintaining clear, to maintain respiratory function. Needs special attention is pralidoxime to alleviate symptoms of carbamate pesticide poisoning is not only useless, but have side effects. Thus, these pesticide poisoning must not use pralidoxime. 

3, the pyrethroid class: 

Pyrethroid insecticides commonly used varieties are: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin ether, and many more are in the low-toxicity pesticides, safer to humans and animals, but it can not ignore the safety operation , or can cause poisoning. Of these pesticides is a nerve agent, acting on the nerve membrane, which can change through the nerve membrane permeability, nerve conduction disturbance caused poisoning. However, such pesticides in the mammalian liver enzyme hydrolysis and oxidation under the action can, and most of the metabolites can be rapidly excreted. 

(1) poisoning symptoms 

① oral symptoms of poisoning. Oral poisoning mild symptoms of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, epigastric burning feeling, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest tightness, salivation and so on. In addition to the above with moderate symptoms of poisoning symptoms also appeared dim consciousness, mouth, nose, tracheal secretions increase, his hands trembling, muscle twitching, irregular heartbeat, breathing becomes difficult. Severe symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, pulmonary blisters sound, limbs paroxysmal convulsions or convulsions, loss of consciousness, deep coma or a severe shock, severe tonic seizures occur when repeated suffocation caused by laryngeal spasm. 

② The skin symptoms of poisoning. Skin redness and hot, itching, numbness, severe rash, blisters, erosion. Eyes after the performance by the pesticide invasive conjunctival congestion, pain, photophobia, tearing, eyelid swelling. 

(2) First aid for oral poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage. Poisoning of the skin immediately with soap and water, rinse the skin, dermatitis can calamine lotion or 2% to 3% boric acid water, wet compress; eyes with plenty of water contaminated with pesticides or saline flushing, oral chlorpheniramine, benzene diphenhydramine and so on. 

(3) no effective antidote treatment, only the right medicine treatment. 

① The restless, twitching, convulsions who are available 10 to 20 mg intramuscular injection of stability or IV; or sedative phenobarbital 00.1 ~ 0.2 g intramuscularly; 4 to 6 hours when necessary, re-use again. 

Saliva flow and more are available ② atropine salivary secretion. 

③ of breathing difficulties, should be given oxygen, should also pay attention to keep the airway open. 

④ available on cerebral edema 25% 20% mannitol or sorbitol, or intravenous infusion 250 ml; or 10 to 20 ml of dexamethasone or hydrocortisone 200 mg pine 10% glucose solution by adding 100 to 200 ml intravenous infusion. 

4, organic chlorine type: 

Organochlorine pesticides commonly used varieties are: lindane, triclosan ester insecticide, dicofol, toxaphene and other low toxicity pesticides. The role of such pesticide poisoning is through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin absorption of lead poisoning. After it enters the body parts of the degradation in the liver, most of the original form or into drugs accumulation of certain derivatives of the body. Such as fat-soluble pesticides, so rich in fat tissue has a strong affinity, and can accumulate in body fat gradually break down. Toxic mainly from the urine, feces or breast milk can also be discharged from, but the speed is very slow.Therefore, organochlorine pesticide poisoning can lead to chronic accumulation. 

(1) poisoning symptoms 

① acute poisoning. Caused by eating more than about half an hour to several hours to the disease, intoxication level can be divided into light, medium and heavy. Mild poisoning: general malaise, headache, wrong, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, salivation, lethargy, muscle tremors sometimes. Poisoning caused by the digestive tract was vomiting, occasional diarrhea. Moderate poisoning: In addition to the mild symptoms of poisoning, but also severe vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, convulsions, breathing difficulties. Severe poisoning: convulsion, toxaphene caused by acute poisoning occur epileptic seizures, mostly caused by other varieties myotonia clonic seizures; body temperature, blood pressure, arrhythmia; serious Tubai Mo, ventricular tremor , respiratory failure, oliguria closed in urine, liver damage. Poisoning caused by the respiratory tract, foreign body sensation throat, severe coughing, spitting or hemoptysis, pneumonia and pulmonary edema occur in such toxicity. ② chronic poisoning.Cumulative poisoning caused by symptoms of loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, fatigue, nausea, insomnia, limb pain, etc., and some will appear nerve inflammation, anemia or thrombocytopenia. ; (2) take immediate first aid induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis and other measures to eliminate toxic substances as soon as possible. Special attention should be, prohibited the use of oil laxatives, otherwise it will speed up the dissolution of toxic absorption; disabled adrenaline, because it can induce ventricular fibrillation. 

(3) treat seizures, each time with 0.1 ~ 0.2 g intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital until the convulsions stopped. If respiratory depression or pulmonary edema, symptomatic treatment should be promptly, keep quiet and avoid light and external stimuli. Oxygen breathing difficulties should, if necessary, artificial respiration, to add to speed up the toxic liquid discharge, it can take a lot of vitamin B and vitamin C. 

5, fumigants categories: 

(1) the toxicity of the pesticide chloropicrin is highly toxic gases may be due to inhalation of vapor, a small amount of absorption of the skin caused by poisoning. Chloropicrin is mainly to stimulate the respiratory tract, for medium and small airway injury is particularly serious, acute toxic poisoning can result in pneumonia and pulmonary edema and death. On the central nervous system and heart, liver, kidney, skin, both injury. It also has tear and the asphyxiating effect of stimulating the body's toxicity. 

① symptoms of poisoning. Chloropicrin poisoning mainly acute poisoning. Mild poisoning, the performance of conjunctival irritation, the eyes are burning, tearing, blepharospasm and other light and shame, and then there throat dry, itchy, dry cough, sneezing and other symptoms. If inhaled at high concentrations, accompanied by chest compression, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, will be afraid. Corneal inflammation, iritis, iris color, miosis, anterior chamber with effusion, nasal and throat congestion. Breath and heart sounds diminished, pulse speed up, fever, leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine protein can be detected. In severe cases, pulmonary edema, pulmonary gangrene, retinal hemorrhage, vision loss and so on. 

② first aid and treatment of poisoning should immediately move to fresh air, take off contaminated clothing, lying still warm, to drink tea or sodium bicarbonate solution. Second, wash skin with soap and water. Third, eye irritation or 2% sodium bicarbonate with saline solution or 2% to 4% boric acid solution wash, then coated with chlortetracycline eye ointment, etc., wear black goggles. Fourth, breathing difficulties, should be given oxygen. The respiratory tract inflammation, a toxic pneumonia, pulmonary edema, should be taking antibiotics, cough agent, intravenous 50% glucose can be 40 to 60 ml and 20 ml of 3% sodium chloride solution, or 10% calcium gluconate 10 ml. If necessary, use sorbitol, furosemide and other dehydrating agents can also take other symptomatic treatment. 

(2) Methyl bromide is a strong nerve poison, its toxic mechanism is still unclear, most people think this is because the molecules of the nervous system caused by the direct loss of sales. It mainly affects the nervous system and respiratory enzymes, interfere with respiration. Highly toxic methyl bromide for people, when the air contains 50 ppm can cause mild poisoning when, when reached 3,000 parts per million can cause serious poisoning to death 

① symptoms of poisoning. Relatively slow methyl bromide poisoning, the poisoning, a longer incubation period of up to 2 to 5 days. Methyl bromide gas from the respiratory tract into the body, resulting in cumulative poisoning. Large when inhaled, can show symptoms within hours.Methyl bromide poisoning symptoms are dizziness, headache, fatigue, vomiting, drowsiness, blurred vision, unsteady gait, confused speech, hallucinations, muscle tremors or spasms. The performance of serious poisoning, convulsions, coma, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, renal failure, respiratory paralysis leading to death. 

② first aid treatment immediately leave the fumigation poisoning scene, moved to fresh air.Second, for detoxification treatment. 5% used poisoning two heavy sulfonate 2.5 deep intramuscular injection of 5 ml, twice daily; or dimercaptosuccinic 0.5 to 1 gram two sodium salt dissolved in 40 ml of sugar slowly intravenous injection of 1 or 2 times, since once a day. Third, symptomatic treatment. Rampage convulsions are available sedated, but can not use bromine agent. Mixture with improved energy metabolism in brain tissue. Large doses of B vitamins, improved nervous system function. Skin blisters, use a sterile needle broken, painted cod liver oil.

(3), aluminum phosphide aluminum phosphide and calcium phosphate and calcium phosphate poisoning absorbed moisture in the air produces phosphine gas, people inhalation poisoning, the poisoning mechanism is unclear. Phosphine mainly affects the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems as well as liver, kidney and other organs. Phosphine can also affect the cytochrome oxidase, interfering respiratory metabolism. Phosphine is highly toxic to human, the air content of 7 ppm to intoxication, if the content of 400 ppm in the environment for 30 minutes or more will be life-threatening. 

① symptoms of poisoning. Into the body through the respiratory tract caused by poisoning, showing dizziness, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, coughing and so on. If not aid, will develop the disease, showing disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, muscle bundle tremor, hepatomegaly, arrhythmias and other symptoms. In severe cases coma, convulsions, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, myocardial damage. Poisoning caused by mouth, oral mucosa and throat appeared a burning sensation and erosion, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomit and stool of garlic flavor, visible light in the dark. 2 to 3 days of massive hematemesis, liver pain associated with jaundice, oliguria, hematuria; severe cases, unconsciousness. Convulsions, coma, kidney failure, arrhythmia embolism. 

② first aid treatment. By the inhalation of gas poisoning, poisoning from the site immediately, move to fresh air, removing contaminated clothing insulation. Rinse skin with warm water. Oral poisoning, induce vomiting and gastric lavage should be carried out immediately, with 0.1% to 0.5% copper sulfate solution or 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution repeated gastric lavage. Then 100 to 200 ml of liquid paraffin into the stomach with a catheter, and then magnesium sulfate catharsis, disable oil laxatives. 

③ symptomatic treatment. When no effective antidote, the symptoms can be used depending on the appropriate treatment. 

6, rodenticides categories: 

Rodenticides are inorganic rodenticides (such as zinc phosphide, etc.), coumarins (such as the lung, warfarin, Coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, etc.), indeno full diketones (such as enemy mouse, chlorine Rat ketone, etc.), induced an anticonvulsant (eg, sodium fluoroacetate, alkali and other poisonous mouse) and other (such as Clofibrate are currently used zinc phosphide rodenticide, Dalong, diphacinone, Clofibrate, rodent and other spirits. 

(1) zinc phosphide zinc phosphide case of gastric acid by mouth into the stomach to produce phosphine gas or water caused by toxic poisoning, it can damage the central nervous system, cardiovascular, respiratory system, liver, kidney and other organs. However, the shorter lifetime of phosphine in the body, easily broken down into inorganic phosphorus, excreted from the kidney.① symptoms of poisoning by inhalation of zinc phosphide, the stimulating effect on the intestinal, which is caused due to phosphine and zinc. Poisoning, nausea, vomiting, agitation, chills, chest tightness, dyspnea and cough, may develop into pulmonary edema. Severe, there may be life-threatening symptoms, that the Chinese and toxic shock caused by myocardial damage shock, jaundice and bleeding caused by liver damage, toxic encephalopathy caused by delirium, convulsions, coma, caused by the hypocalcemia and tetany kidney damage anuria. ② aid for poisoning through the skin should immediately wash skin with plenty of water, burn, burn, such as infection, anti-bacterial cream coated. Oral poisoning of 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution with gastric lavage, no catharsis, it can take mineral oil (adults and adolescents over the age of 12 with 100 ml of 12 years of age at 1.5 mL per kilogram of body weight) , but do not use the plant or animal oil. Highly toxic phosphine gas may be a result of poisoning from the vomit, fluid and feces out of oven, it is necessary to keep the room ventilated. ③ symptomatic treatment of shock should transfusion and infusion of glucose and electrolyte solution to prevent acidosis, should be noted that the amount of fluid balance and central venous pressure and drain fluid to prevent overload. Pulmonary edema, intermittent or continuous input of oxygen. Of renal failure, dialysis should be carried out, with ECG monitoring and found that myocardial damage, monitoring of serum alkaline phosphatase, LDH, ALT, AST, and bilirubin before the thrombin time to determine the extent of liver damage, if the former thrombin concentration, was added in the intravenous infusion of vitamin K, requested that a daily dosage of 10 to 50 mg, injected slowly from the veins of vitamin K, such as patients with flushing, cyanosis, paresthesia, hypotension and difficulty breathing, then stop infusion. Of pain, morphine sulfate subcutaneous injection every few hours from 8 to 10 mg. 

(2) Large Long Large Long is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, coumarins visions for high-dose poisoning rats. 

(1) toxicological effect of the main obstacles prothrombin synthesis, damage to capillaries, causing bleeding and death. Dalong poisoning incubation period is generally 3 to 5 days, pigs, dogs, birds, its more sensitive, while other animals are more secure. 

(2) after poisoning symptoms of abdominal pain, back pain, nausea, vomiting, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding, bleeding around the joint, hematuria, blood in the stool and other symptoms. 

(3) First aid treatment 

① of poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, gastric lavage with normal saline, etc., and then sodium sulfate catharsis, as soon as possible toxic emissions. 

② can take vitamin K, 40 mg a day for adults, sub-sub-taking; children, 120 mg daily divided doses. 

③ under the guidance of a doctor or muscle slow injection of oral antidotes. 

④ serious bleeding should be immediately blood transfusion. 

(3) is indene diphacinone diphacinone killing at least two mice of high dose ketones, which enter the mammalian body, the liver of vitamin K can interfere with the role of thromboplastin, prothrombin synthesis, leading to internal organs and subcutaneous bleeding, is a anticoagulant rodenticide. Enemy rat poison into the body can also directly damage the capillary wall, so that the body subcutaneous and visceral extensive bleeding, leading to oxygen poisoning. 

(1) symptoms of poisoning the enemy more to eating rat poisoning caused. High intake, the symptoms in a few hours, the general symptoms in three days. Poisoning symptoms of palpitation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, etc.; followed by extensive bleeding to occur, nose, mouth, gingival bleeding, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, hematuria, skin purpura and a low temperature, low blood pressure and other symptoms, serious When coma, shock. (2) First aid treatment 

① of poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, with 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution or saline gastric lavage and catharsis with sodium sulfate, try to toxic emissions. 

② using vitamin K, which is the most effective enemy of rat poisoning hemostatic agent, intravenous or intramuscular injection, once daily in patients with mild, per 10 grams, severe 2 to 3 times a day. 

③ severe loss of blood transfusion therapy should be given adequate vitamin C and hormone therapy, generally available from 100 to 300 mg hydrocortisone in 10% glucose solution intravenously, or land within the thiophene 20 and 40 mg of betamethasone to join the intravenous glucose solution. 

Need to highlight here is that warfarin, Coumatetralyl, and so are bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide, and their toxic mechanism, symptoms of poisoning, first aid treatment of mice with the enemy all the same. 

(4) Clofibrate Clofibrate low toxicity class rodenticide, objects, big rats and mice, but were less toxic, is usually caused by eating a lot of poisoning. Clofibrate through the digestive tract, respiratory tract into the body, mainly in lung, liver, kidney and nervous system, but most with the urine via the kidneys. Lung injury after poisoning mainly capillaries, leading to pulmonary edema and pleural effusion, can also cause liver, kidney, fatty degeneration and necrosis. 

(1) poisoning symptoms appeared after the first oral burning sensation, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, thirst and other symptoms, and difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, coughing up pink, foamy sputum. Pulmonary edema is Clofibrate typical symptoms of poisoning.Also appear conjunctival hyperemia, eye level tremor, irritability, hepatomegaly, jaundice, hematuria. Seriously by the whole body spasms, coma and shock. 

(2) First aid treatment 

① eating, should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, with 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution, 0.1% to 0.5% copper sulfate solution lavage, gastric lavage disable the alkaline solution, and then oral sulfate 30 grams of magnesium catharsis. 

② poisoning alkaline and fatty fast foods, so as not to accelerate the absorption of Clofibrate 

③ with 5 ml 10% intravenous sodium thiosulfate, 2 to 4 times a day. ④ strictly limit the infusion volume and infusion speed, you need to slow hypertonic glucose infusion should be given intravenously. 

⑤ early prevention of pulmonary edema, in the event, according to pulmonary edema, give vitamin K treatment.