Using high-quality vegetables, but also yield a GA

GA GA 

English name: gibberellin 

Short: GA 

Blackpool United Kingdom in 1926 was discovered in Japan, when the red rice fungus infection occurs after the phenomenon of soaring plants, diseased plants are often higher than 50% higher than normal plants, and seed set greatly reduced, thus the name "Bakanae" . Scientists sprayed red mold filtrate medium to healthy rice seedlings, we found that some seedlings Although there is no center and red fungal infection, but emerged with Bakanae the same symptoms. Japan in 1938 and lived Tau Mu Tian Zhen Shinjiro refer encyclical fungal culture filtrate from the red to isolate such active substances, and identified its chemical structure. Named gibberellic acid. CA West and BO 1956 were proof of Phoenix widespread in higher plants, some of the material similar to gibberellic acid. 1983 has been isolated and identified 60 species. Generally divided into two types of free state and bound, referred to GA, were named as GA1, GA2 and so on. 

GA contains (-) - GA alkyl skeleton, its chemical structure is complicated, is the diterpene compound. Gibberellin in higher plants is generally considered the precursor recent kaurene. A variety of GA is the difference between the double bond, hydroxyl number and location. GA is a free state 19C or 20C of the one, two or three carboxylic acid. Grapes are mostly bound gibberellin glucoside or glucose ester, soluble in water. 

GA can be extracted with methanol. GA can use a variety of different chromatographic separation techniques. Diluted purified gibberellin treatment dwarf plants, such as dwarf corn, to observe the promoting effect of high growth, can identify their biological activity. Different in different biological activity of gibberellin, gibberellic acid (GA3) the highest activity. High activity of the compounds must have a gibberellic-loop system (loop ABCD), the C-7 carboxyl group on the A ring has a lactone ring. 

GA content of plants in different parts, seeds, the most abundant, especially in the mature stage.

1. Distribution: widespread --- quilt, gymnosperm, ferns, brown algae, green algae, fungi and bacteria, found in many parts of the growth of strong, such as the stem end, leaves, root and fruit seeds. Contents: 1 ~ 100Ong · g-1 fresh weight, fruit and seeds (especially immature seeds) and vegetative organs of the gibberellin content of more than two orders of magnitude. Each organ or tissue contains more than two gibberellin, and gibberellin in the type, quantity, and status (free or bound state) are due to vary during plant development. 

2. Transport ---- GA and auxin is different from the polarity of its transport does not show, (along the catheter tip upward transport synthetic ---, --- leaves produce downward along the sieve tube transport). Transport speed between different plants vary greatly, such as the dwarf peas 5cm · h-1, peas 2.1mm · h-1, potato 0.42mm · h-1. 

3. Exist in the form: free gibberellin (free gibberellin) --- not in the form of bond with other materials, is easily extracted from the organic solvent. Belong to the physiological activity; with gibberellin (conjugated gibberellin) - Gibberellin and other substances (such as glucose) combined to break through acid hydrolysis or protease to release free GA and is no physiological activity. Bound-type: This is a storage form of GA. When the seeds mature, GA-based storage into a bound, and in seed germination, but also into the free to play its regulatory role model. 

4. The major dosage forms and content: 4%, 6% EC gibberellic acid GA 40% aqueous gibberellic acid soluble tablet granules 75% 20% 85% crystalline powder, crystalline powder. Major manufacturers are: Wo Qingdao hundred Bio Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Qianjiang Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai Co., Ltd., with the Swiss biotechnology. 

The most prominent physiological effect of GA is to promote stem elongation and the induction of long-day plants in the bolting, flowering under short days. GA-sensitive variety of plants to different degrees. Genetic dwarf plants such as dwarf corn and peas on the most sensitive to GA, the GA treatment and non-dwarf plant type similar; non-dwarf plant only a slight response. Some dwarf plant genetic reasons is the lack of endogenous gibberellin (some are not.) GA plays in the regulation of seed germination. Many cereal seeds of plants such as barley starch, rapid hydrolysis in germination; if the embryo removed, no starch hydrolysis. No embryos with gibberellin seed treatment, but also hydrolysis of starch to prove that GA can replace the embryo caused by starch hydrolysis. GA can substitute red for light-sensitive lettuce seed germination and plant carrots instead of vernalization required for flowering. GA also cause some plants to form one of the fruit. Some plants, especially seedless grape varieties, in flowering with gibberellic acid, can promote the development of seedless fruits. But sometimes there are certain physiological phenomena inhibition. 

On the mechanism of GA, is studied more thoroughly to the embryo of barley seeds of its starch hydrolysis induced. Sterilized by gibberellin treatment to the embryo of barley seeds, found that GA3 significantly enhanced in the aleurone layer of the new α-amylase synthesis, which led to the hydrolysis of starch. Complete germination in barley seeds, the embryo contains the GA, secreted into the aleurone layer to go. In addition, GA3 also stimulated protein synthesis of aleurone cells, promote the secretion of RNA enzymes and glucanase. 

GA used in agricultural production, in some respects better results. Such as increasing the yield of seedless grapes, potatoes break dormancy; in brewing beer, prepared with GA3 to promote the use of barley malt germination; when the late rainy cold and heading slowly, use of GA can promote ear; or Hybrid Rice Seed Production in flowering regulation in order to meet the parents of the flowering period. 

If you use too much gibberellin, side effects can cause lodging, so use a strong element to help regulate the same time, increase potassium. 

Gibberellic to ent-alkyl (gibberellane) as the basic skeleton of a tetracyclic diterpene plant hormones. By the ent-kaurene (ka-urene) biosynthesis. According to the order may be called the separation of gibberellin A (abbreviated as GA). Now identified more than forty of gibberellin, but not necessarily all have physiological effects. With r-lactone C19-GA and its precursors C20-GA, GA is bound to exist. GA bacteria from rice bakanae 〔completely generations Gi-bberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wλ, not entirely generations Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon〕 separate the culture medium, is a leggy rice seedlings can cause the material, from Blackpool Britain found one in 1926 and subsequently by the Tau Mu Tian Zhen Shinjiro and live refer encyclical (1928) was crystallized and named. The crystallization of the active ingredient was identified as GA1, GA2 and GA3 mixture. With J. MacMilan and J. Suter (1958) GA1 isolated from higher plants has been, up to now has been more than 20 species, lower plants with GA, also widely exist in plants. In higher plants, GA is in the immature seeds, buds and roots and other organs in the synthesis. Physiological role of a typical GA can promote the growth of branches, especially to promote the overall growth of plants without harm. Dwarf plant that is mostly due to the body of the GA synthesis system, caused by genetic abnormalities occur, and for the supply of GA, you can return to normal by the dwarf. Rosette plants were growing, even in non-induced conditions, GA treatment also enable it to bolting. On root growth is generally not effective. Promote the growth of GA, that is to promote the cell division and cell elongation of two, but that role is to promote the elongation is closely related with the role of auxin. In addition, GA also has to break the seed and bud dormancy and promote long-day plants flower when short days to induce parthenocarpic grapes inhibit certain plant species and other effects of aging. In the cereal aleurone layer of seeds, can induce a-amylase (endosperm test method), RNase and protease enzymes such as the re-synthesis. 

GA is a class of compounds are diterpene plant hormones. Blackpool in 1926, the Japanese pathologists Bakanae disease of rice found in rice plants occurred is a leggy red secretions caused by mold. 1935 red from the rice fields of Japan Tau isolated an active fungal products, and get crystals, known as the gibberellin (GA). The first GA was isolated and identified as gibberellic acid (GA3), higher plants and microorganisms have been isolated from 70 species out of GA. Because GA is carboxyl, it is acidic. Endogenous gibberellin to two forms of free and bound there, you can transform into each other. 

GA pH 3 to 4 the most stable solution, pH value is too high or too low will cause the physiological activity of GA into the pseudo-free or gibberellic acid GA. Gibberellin precursor is kaurene. Some growth retardants, such as amoxicillin -1618 and the CCC can inhibit the formation of kaurene, Fox Square-D can inhibit kaurene into GA. GA formation in plants is generally part of leaves, buds, immature seeds, young roots and young tissue. GA different kinds of plants exist in the different organs. Young leaves and twigs to form the top of the output through the phloem of gibberellin, gibberellin produced roots upward through the xylem transport. 

Physiological activity of GA in the strongest, most studied is GA3, it can significantly enhance plant stems, leaf growth, especially for genetic and physiological-type dwarf-type plants significantly promote; can replace some of the seed germination The light and temperature conditions needed to promote seed germination; make long-day plants flower under short days, shorten the life cycle; can induce flowering, the male flower to increase the number of melons, induced parthenocarpy, improve fruit set and promote fruit growth and delay senescence. In addition, GA3 can also be used to prevent fruit rot; flowering in cotton spraying can reduce Leiling off; potato seed soaking to break dormancy; barley malt pretreatment can improve the yield and so on. 

Many physiological effects of gibberellin plant tissues and its regulation of nucleic acids and proteins related to seed it not only can activate a variety of enzymes, but also the promotion of new enzyme synthesis. GA3 induced the most studied is the barley α-amylase in the formation of a significant role. Also induced protease, β-1, 3 - glucosidase, the enzyme RNA synthesis. GA stimulation of stem elongation and nucleic acid metabolism, it first acts on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the DNA activation, and then transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), translated from the mRNA-specific proteins. 

The physiological role of GA 

Promote the conversion of maltose (induced the formation of α-amylase); promote vegetative growth (root growth without promoting effect, but significantly promote the growth of stems and leaves), to prevent shedding and breaking dormancy and other organs. 

The most prominent effect of GA is to accelerate cell elongation (GA can improve the content of auxin in plants, and growth hormone directly regulates cell elongation), on cell division but also promote the role, it can promote cell expanded (but not caused by cell wall acidification)