Various types of pesticide poisoning first aid

Various types of pesticide poisoning, first aid 

1, the organic phosphorus: 

High insecticidal effect of organophosphorus pesticides, the toxicity to humans and animals also big. Currently the vast majority of pesticide poisoning is caused by organic phosphorus pesticides. If adults take a drop of liquid to parathion poisoning, 2 to 3 drops can cause death. 

The role of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and skin three ways to cause poisoning. Organophosphorus pesticides enter the body through the blood, lymph soon transported to various body organs, the most abundant in liver, kidney, lung, bone, followed by muscle and low levels in brain tissue, and its toxicological effect is to inhibit cholinesterase in the human body enzyme activity was, so that loss of cholinergic enzymes ability to break down acetylcholine, so that excessive accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. Poisoning, mainly due to failure of central respiratory failure, respiratory muscle paralysis and asphyxiation; bronchial spasm, bronchial cavity sink mucus, increased respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, and promote death. 

(1) poisoning symptoms: according to the disease can be divided into mild, moderate and severe categories. ① mild poisoning symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, chest tightness, blurred vision, loss of appetite and so on. 

② Moderate symptoms: In addition to the mild symptoms of poisoning, but also a mild difficulty in breathing, muscle tremors, miosis, trance, unsteady gait, sweating, salivation, abdominal pain and diarrhea. 

③ severe poisoning symptoms: In addition to the mild and moderate symptoms, but also coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, foaming at the mouth, pulmonary edema, miosis, incontinence, convulsions, respiratory paralysis. Early or mild poisoning is often overlooked, and the symptoms of heat stroke enteritis and other diseases with similar flu should be taken seriously enough.Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning symptoms can be caused by different varieties and different. Dimethoate poisoning symptoms, incubation period is longer, and longer migration time symptoms, but also with changing trends, improvement will occur after repeated, and then suddenly developed symptoms could easily lead to death. Malathion poisoning after oral intake of serious illness, longer duration, there will be repeated later. Oral dichlorvos poisoning, coma soon, prone to respiratory paralysis, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema; percutaneous poisoning headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, sweating, pinpoint pupils, pale and so on, skin blisters and burns and other symptoms. Parathion, the percutaneous absorption of phosphorus poisoning, serious poisoning if the headache that intensified after poisoning of myocardial damage was caused contraction of cardiac weakness, low blood pressure and other circulatory failure. 

(2) First aid: the poisoned away from the scene, where the air fresh, clear toxins, pollution, underwear off, immediately flush skin or eyes. On by lead poisoning, vomiting should be taken immediately, gastric lavage, catharsis and other emergency measures. (3) Treatment: antidote to take timely and correctly, with the commonly used organophosphate antidote anticholinergic agents and cholinesterase agent. 

① with anti-cholinergic agent. Atropine is the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning one of the most effective antidote, but for advanced respiratory paralysis is not valid. Treatment with atropine to early, full, fast, complex. Of mild poisoning by subcutaneous injection of atropine 1 to 2 mg every 4 to 6 hours intramuscularly or orally from 0.4 to 0.6 mg of atropine, until symptoms disappear. Of moderate poisoning, 2 to 4 mg of atropine intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after the repeated injection of 1 to 2 mg of atropine after the switch to achieve the maintenance dose, subcutaneous injection every 4 to 6 hours 0.5 mg. Of poisoning by mouth, started 2 to 4 mg of atropine intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine to reach every 2 to 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 0.5 to 1 mg of atropine untilsymptoms. For severe poisoning, skin or respiratory tract caused by poisoning, starting with 3 to 5 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine after the use of maintenance dose every 2 to 4 hours IV A atropine 0.5 to 1 mg. Poisoning of the digestive tract, beginning with 5 to 10 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine of every 1 to 2 hours after the intravenous injection of 0.5 to 2 mg of atropine until the symptoms disappear. Atropine of the indicators: the pupil dilated than before, the heart rate to 120 times faster, mouth dry, facial flushing, decreased salivation, decreased lung wet rales disappeared, to reduce disturbance of consciousness, coma and began to recover, abdominal swelling , bowel sounds decrease, bladder and other urinary retention. These indicators must be integrated to determine not only see an index to the withdrawal, according to the specific circumstances of low-dose maintenance, in order to avoid repeated illness. Note: One can not blindly in the diagnosis of unknown large doses of atropine, in order to avoid atropine poisoning. Second, severe hypoxia, oxygen should be immediately and maintain smooth breathing. Both atropine treatment. The third is associated with elevated body temperature, the use of physical cooling after atropine. Atropine combined with cholinesterase agents should reduce the dosage of atropine. ② The cholinesterase agent. Commonly used pralidoxime chloride given phosphorus, phosphorus double recovery. Pralidoxime: mild poisoning with 0.4 ~ 0.8 g pralidoxime, and then glucose or saline 10 to 20 ml diluted made after intravenous injection, repeated every 2 hours. Moderate poisoning with 0.8 to 1.2 grams for the slow intravenous injection, with a 0.4 hour after the intravenous injection of 0.8 g of 3 to 4 times. Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 1.2 g for half an hour repeat, with 0.4 grams per hour after the intravenous injection or drip. Phosphorus chloride given: those with mild poisoning from 0.25 to 0.5 g intramuscular injection, if necessary, 2 to 4 hours after the repeat. Moderate poisoning the muscle with 0.5 to 0.75 grams or intravenous, 1 to 2 hours after repeated once every 2 to 4 hours after injection of 0.5 g to get better reduction or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with 0.75 ~ 1.0 g muscle or intravenously, half an hour is still not effective can be repeated once every 2 hours after intramuscular or intravenous injection of 0.5 grams, get better, as appropriate, reduction or withdrawal. Double Complex P: Mild poisoning by intramuscular injection of 0.125 to 0.25 grams, if necessary, repeat 2 to 3 hours. Moderate poisoning 0.5 g muscle or intravenous injection, repeated injection of 2 to 3 hours, depending on withdrawal of medication condition improved.Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 0.5 to 0.75 grams, half an hour later is not effective, can be further injection of 0.5 grams. Every 2 to 3 hours after injection of 0.25 g repeated until condition improves. Note: One should be used within 24 hours after poisoning enough, and to maintain 48 hours. Second, cholinesterase agent therapy of parathion, the absorption of phosphorus, phorate poisoning effect is significant, but for dichlorvos, trichlorfon pesticide poisoning poor efficacy. The third is to strictly control the course of treatment dosage, overdose will produce intoxication. Fourth, complex agents on renal function can have some damage on people with kidney disease should be used with caution. Fifth, special attention should not be used as prophylactic atropine or pralidoxime exposure to organophosphorus pesticides drugs to people who otherwise would mask the early signs and symptoms of poisoning, the delay time of their treatment. (4) Chinese Herbal Medicine: Available mung bean, licorice Jianshui the one or two services. Tuo carrots can also be spread from 0.3 to 0.9 g Jianshui service. Rooster Tail and honeysuckle can also use the four ounces, licorice twenty-two Jianshui service. (5) Acupuncture: Acupuncture dizziness, headache can be the sun, the wind pool points; nausea and vomiting during acupuncture off, antiemetic point; abdominal pain in the abdominal acupuncture, acupoint; diarrhea acupuncture Tianshu, air sea, diarrhea and other points; acupuncture Dazhui twitch Zusanli, chi point; breathing difficulties stimulation of phrenic nerves. It should be noted that acupuncture must have specialized skills of doctors in this area implementation. 

(6) symptomatic treatment: those on oxygen breathing difficulties, severe artificial respiration.Cerebral edema should be rapidly to dehydration diuretic drugs, but also protect the brain cells to take drugs, dehydration in a large number of sweat, the salt should be added, pay attention to electrolyte balance. Prohibit the use of organophosphate poisoning morphine, theophylline, phenothiazines, reserpine. 

2, carbamates: 

Carbamate pesticides commonly used varieties are: carbaryl, Zhongding Wei, Ye Fei San, cartap, pirimicarb, metolcarb, mixed off Granville, isoprocarb, methomyl, etc., which can be through the respiratory tract , digestive tract, skin, causing poisoning. Of these pesticides is also a cholinesterase inhibitor, but it is different from the organic phosphorus preparation, it is the combination of the molecules and cholinesterase, so the smaller the degree of hydrolysis of the more toxic too. It forms a complex with AChE alone, this complex easily hydrolyzed in the body, rapid recovery of cholinesterase activity may be, it combines with the cholinergic enzyme is reversible, inhibition of choline esterase longer able to fast, it is generally not cause serious poisoning. Phthalocyanine of the carbamate cholinesterase unstable, making the carbamate pesticide poisoning symptoms appear quickly, usually a few minutes to 1 hour is shown, making the toxic dose and lethal dose were significantly different. Another blood ChE activity can not be tested for toxicity indicators. Carbamate pesticide poisoning deaths are mostly the cause of death and pulmonary edema, respiratory disorder. 

(1) poisoning symptoms dizziness, headache, weakness, pale, nausea, vomiting, sweating, salivation, miosis, blurred vision. Severe drop in blood pressure, consciousness blurred, skin contact dermatitis, such as rubella and local swelling and itching, conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, chest tightness, shortness of breath. Metabolism of these pesticides in the body but fast, fast excretion, mild poisoning in general, in 12 to 24 hours to fully recover faster in the 1 to 2 hours to recover. 

(2) First Aid from the scene immediately to fresh air place, take off clothes, wash thoroughly with soap and water. Poisoning by mouth such as gastric lavage to immediately induce vomiting. Note clear the airway in the dirt, breathing difficulties were to be taken on artificial respiration. Infusion can accelerate the toxic discharge, but to prevent pulmonary edema. 

(3) treatment with atropine best effect, with 0.5 to 2 mg oral or intravenous or intramuscular injection, repeated every 15 minutes to atropine, maintaining atropinization until symptoms disappear. Can not be used longer able agent. To atropine treatment of pulmonary edema occur mainly severe illness increases with adrenaline. Excessive water loss to infusion therapy.Respiratory tract disease should pay attention to maintaining clear, to maintain respiratory function. Needs special attention is pralidoxime to alleviate symptoms of carbamate pesticide poisoning is not only useless, but have side effects. Thus, these pesticide poisoning must not use pralidoxime. 

3, the pyrethroid class: 

Pyrethroid insecticides commonly used varieties are: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin ether, and many more are in the low-toxicity pesticides, safer to humans and animals, but it can not ignore the safety operation , or can cause poisoning. Of these pesticides is a nerve agent, acting on the nerve membrane, which can change through the nerve membrane permeability, nerve conduction disturbance caused poisoning. However, such pesticides in the mammalian liver enzyme hydrolysis and oxidation under the action can, and most of the metabolites can be rapidly excreted. 

(1) poisoning symptoms 

① oral symptoms of poisoning. Oral poisoning mild symptoms of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, epigastric burning feeling, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest tightness, salivation and so on. In addition to the above with moderate symptoms of poisoning symptoms also appeared dim consciousness, mouth, nose, tracheal secretions increase, his hands trembling, muscle twitching, irregular heartbeat, breathing becomes difficult. Severe symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, pulmonary blisters sound, limbs paroxysmal convulsions or convulsions, loss of consciousness, deep coma or a severe shock, severe tonic seizures occur when repeated suffocation caused by laryngeal spasm. 

② The skin symptoms of poisoning. Skin redness and hot, itching, numbness, severe rash, blisters, erosion. Eyes after the performance by the pesticide invasive conjunctival congestion, pain, photophobia, tearing, eyelid swelling. 

(2) First aid for oral poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage. Poisoning of the skin immediately with soap and water, rinse the skin, dermatitis can calamine lotion or 2% to 3% boric acid water, wet compress; eyes with plenty of water contaminated with pesticides or saline flushing, oral chlorpheniramine, benzene diphenhydramine and so on. 

(3) no effective antidote treatment, only the right medicine treatment. 

① The restless, twitching, convulsions who are available 10 to 20 mg intramuscular injection of stability or IV; or sedative phenobarbital 00.1 ~ 0.2 g intramuscularly; 4 to 6 hours when necessary, re-use again. 

Saliva flow and more are available ② atropine salivary secretion. 

③ of breathing difficulties, should be given oxygen, should also pay attention to keep the airway open. 

④ available on cerebral edema 25% 20% mannitol or sorbitol, or intravenous infusion 250 ml; or 10 to 20 ml of dexamethasone or hydrocortisone 200 mg pine 10% glucose solution by adding 100 to 200 ml intravenous infusion. 

4, organic chlorine type: 

Organochlorine pesticides commonly used varieties are: lindane, triclosan ester insecticide, dicofol, toxaphene and other low toxicity pesticides. The role of such pesticide poisoning is through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin absorption of lead poisoning. After it enters the body parts of the degradation in the liver, most of the original form or into drugs accumulation of certain derivatives of the body. Such as fat-soluble pesticides, so rich in fat tissue has a strong affinity, and can accumulate in body fat gradually break down. Toxic mainly from the urine, feces or breast milk can also be discharged from, but the speed is very slow.Therefore, organochlorine pesticide poisoning can lead to chronic accumulation. 

(1) poisoning symptoms 

① acute poisoning. Caused by eating more than about half an hour to several hours to the disease, intoxication level can be divided into light, medium and heavy. Mild poisoning: general malaise, headache, wrong, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, salivation, lethargy, muscle tremors sometimes. Poisoning caused by the digestive tract was vomiting, occasional diarrhea. Moderate poisoning: In addition to the mild symptoms of poisoning, but also severe vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, convulsions, breathing difficulties. Severe poisoning: convulsion, toxaphene caused by acute poisoning occur epileptic seizures, mostly caused by other varieties myotonia clonic seizures; body temperature, blood pressure, arrhythmia; serious Tubai Mo, ventricular tremor , respiratory failure, oliguria closed in urine, liver damage. Poisoning caused by the respiratory tract, foreign body sensation throat, severe coughing, spitting or hemoptysis, pneumonia and pulmonary edema occur in such toxicity. ② chronic poisoning.Cumulative poisoning caused by symptoms of loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, fatigue, nausea, insomnia, limb pain, etc., and some will appear nerve inflammation, anemia or thrombocytopenia. ; (2) take immediate first aid induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis and other measures to eliminate toxic substances as soon as possible. Special attention should be, prohibited the use of oil laxatives, otherwise it will speed up the dissolution of toxic absorption; disabled adrenaline, because it can induce ventricular fibrillation. 

(3) treat seizures, each time with 0.1 ~ 0.2 g intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital until the convulsions stopped. If respiratory depression or pulmonary edema, symptomatic treatment should be promptly, keep quiet and avoid light and external stimuli. Oxygen breathing difficulties should, if necessary, artificial respiration, to add to speed up the toxic liquid discharge, it can take a lot of vitamin B and vitamin C. 

5, fumigants categories: 

(1) the toxicity of the pesticide chloropicrin is highly toxic gases may be due to inhalation of vapor, a small amount of absorption of the skin caused by poisoning. Chloropicrin is mainly to stimulate the respiratory tract, for medium and small airway injury is particularly serious, acute toxic poisoning can result in pneumonia and pulmonary edema and death. On the central nervous system and heart, liver, kidney, skin, both injury. It also has tear and the asphyxiating effect of stimulating the body's toxicity. 

① symptoms of poisoning. Chloropicrin poisoning mainly acute poisoning. Mild poisoning, the performance of conjunctival irritation, the eyes are burning, tearing, blepharospasm and other light and shame, and then there throat dry, itchy, dry cough, sneezing and other symptoms. If inhaled at high concentrations, accompanied by chest compression, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, will be afraid. Corneal inflammation, iritis, iris color, miosis, anterior chamber with effusion, nasal and throat congestion. Breath and heart sounds diminished, pulse speed up, fever, leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine protein can be detected. In severe cases, pulmonary edema, pulmonary gangrene, retinal hemorrhage, vision loss and so on. 

② first aid and treatment of poisoning should immediately move to fresh air, take off contaminated clothing, lying still warm, to drink tea or sodium bicarbonate solution. Second, wash skin with soap and water. Third, eye irritation or 2% sodium bicarbonate with saline solution or 2% to 4% boric acid solution wash, then coated with chlortetracycline eye ointment, etc., wear black goggles. Fourth, breathing difficulties, should be given oxygen. The respiratory tract inflammation, a toxic pneumonia, pulmonary edema, should be taking antibiotics, cough agent, intravenous 50% glucose can be 40 to 60 ml and 20 ml of 3% sodium chloride solution, or 10% calcium gluconate 10 ml. If necessary, use sorbitol, furosemide and other dehydrating agents can also take other symptomatic treatment. 

(2) Methyl bromide is a strong nerve poison, its toxic mechanism is still unclear, most people think this is because the molecules of the nervous system caused by the direct loss of sales. It mainly affects the nervous system and respiratory enzymes, interfere with respiration. Highly toxic methyl bromide for people, when the air contains 50 ppm can cause mild poisoning when, when reached 3,000 parts per million can cause serious poisoning to death 

① symptoms of poisoning. Relatively slow methyl bromide poisoning, the poisoning, a longer incubation period of up to 2 to 5 days. Methyl bromide gas from the respiratory tract into the body, resulting in cumulative poisoning. Large when inhaled, can show symptoms within hours.Methyl bromide poisoning symptoms are dizziness, headache, fatigue, vomiting, drowsiness, blurred vision, unsteady gait, confused speech, hallucinations, muscle tremors or spasms. The performance of serious poisoning, convulsions, coma, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, renal failure, respiratory paralysis leading to death. 

② first aid treatment immediately leave the fumigation poisoning scene, moved to fresh air.Second, for detoxification treatment. 5% used poisoning two heavy sulfonate 2.5 deep intramuscular injection of 5 ml, twice daily; or dimercaptosuccinic 0.5 to 1 gram two sodium salt dissolved in 40 ml of sugar slowly intravenous injection of 1 or 2 times, since once a day. Third, symptomatic treatment. Rampage convulsions are available sedated, but can not use bromine agent. Mixture with improved energy metabolism in brain tissue. Large doses of B vitamins, improved nervous system function. Skin blisters, use a sterile needle broken, painted cod liver oil.

(3), aluminum phosphide aluminum phosphide and calcium phosphate and calcium phosphate poisoning absorbed moisture in the air produces phosphine gas, people inhalation poisoning, the poisoning mechanism is unclear. Phosphine mainly affects the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems as well as liver, kidney and other organs. Phosphine can also affect the cytochrome oxidase, interfering respiratory metabolism. Phosphine is highly toxic to human, the air content of 7 ppm to intoxication, if the content of 400 ppm in the environment for 30 minutes or more will be life-threatening. 

① symptoms of poisoning. Into the body through the respiratory tract caused by poisoning, showing dizziness, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, coughing and so on. If not aid, will develop the disease, showing disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, muscle bundle tremor, hepatomegaly, arrhythmias and other symptoms. In severe cases coma, convulsions, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, myocardial damage. Poisoning caused by mouth, oral mucosa and throat appeared a burning sensation and erosion, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomit and stool of garlic flavor, visible light in the dark. 2 to 3 days of massive hematemesis, liver pain associated with jaundice, oliguria, hematuria; severe cases, unconsciousness. Convulsions, coma, kidney failure, arrhythmia embolism. 

② first aid treatment. By the inhalation of gas poisoning, poisoning from the site immediately, move to fresh air, removing contaminated clothing insulation. Rinse skin with warm water. Oral poisoning, induce vomiting and gastric lavage should be carried out immediately, with 0.1% to 0.5% copper sulfate solution or 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution repeated gastric lavage. Then 100 to 200 ml of liquid paraffin into the stomach with a catheter, and then magnesium sulfate catharsis, disable oil laxatives. 

③ symptomatic treatment. When no effective antidote, the symptoms can be used depending on the appropriate treatment. 

6, rodenticides categories: 

Rodenticides are inorganic rodenticides (such as zinc phosphide, etc.), coumarins (such as the lung, warfarin, Coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, etc.), indeno full diketones (such as enemy mouse, chlorine Rat ketone, etc.), induced an anticonvulsant (eg, sodium fluoroacetate, alkali and other poisonous mouse) and other (such as Clofibrate are currently used zinc phosphide rodenticide, Dalong, diphacinone, Clofibrate, rodent and other spirits. 

(1) zinc phosphide zinc phosphide case of gastric acid by mouth into the stomach to produce phosphine gas or water caused by toxic poisoning, it can damage the central nervous system, cardiovascular, respiratory system, liver, kidney and other organs. However, the shorter lifetime of phosphine in the body, easily broken down into inorganic phosphorus, excreted from the kidney.① symptoms of poisoning by inhalation of zinc phosphide, the stimulating effect on the intestinal, which is caused due to phosphine and zinc. Poisoning, nausea, vomiting, agitation, chills, chest tightness, dyspnea and cough, may develop into pulmonary edema. Severe, there may be life-threatening symptoms, that the Chinese and toxic shock caused by myocardial damage shock, jaundice and bleeding caused by liver damage, toxic encephalopathy caused by delirium, convulsions, coma, caused by the hypocalcemia and tetany kidney damage anuria. ② aid for poisoning through the skin should immediately wash skin with plenty of water, burn, burn, such as infection, anti-bacterial cream coated. Oral poisoning of 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution with gastric lavage, no catharsis, it can take mineral oil (adults and adolescents over the age of 12 with 100 ml of 12 years of age at 1.5 mL per kilogram of body weight) , but do not use the plant or animal oil. Highly toxic phosphine gas may be a result of poisoning from the vomit, fluid and feces out of oven, it is necessary to keep the room ventilated. ③ symptomatic treatment of shock should transfusion and infusion of glucose and electrolyte solution to prevent acidosis, should be noted that the amount of fluid balance and central venous pressure and drain fluid to prevent overload. Pulmonary edema, intermittent or continuous input of oxygen. Of renal failure, dialysis should be carried out, with ECG monitoring and found that myocardial damage, monitoring of serum alkaline phosphatase, LDH, ALT, AST, and bilirubin before the thrombin time to determine the extent of liver damage, if the former thrombin concentration, was added in the intravenous infusion of vitamin K, requested that a daily dosage of 10 to 50 mg, injected slowly from the veins of vitamin K, such as patients with flushing, cyanosis, paresthesia, hypotension and difficulty breathing, then stop infusion. Of pain, morphine sulfate subcutaneous injection every few hours from 8 to 10 mg. 

(2) Large Long Large Long is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, coumarins visions for high-dose poisoning rats. 

(1) toxicological effect of the main obstacles prothrombin synthesis, damage to capillaries, causing bleeding and death. Dalong poisoning incubation period is generally 3 to 5 days, pigs, dogs, birds, its more sensitive, while other animals are more secure. 

(2) after poisoning symptoms of abdominal pain, back pain, nausea, vomiting, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding, bleeding around the joint, hematuria, blood in the stool and other symptoms. 

(3) First aid treatment 

① of poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, gastric lavage with normal saline, etc., and then sodium sulfate catharsis, as soon as possible toxic emissions. 

② can take vitamin K, 40 mg a day for adults, sub-sub-taking; children, 120 mg daily divided doses. 

③ under the guidance of a doctor or muscle slow injection of oral antidotes. 

④ serious bleeding should be immediately blood transfusion. 

(3) is indene diphacinone diphacinone killing at least two mice of high dose ketones, which enter the mammalian body, the liver of vitamin K can interfere with the role of thromboplastin, prothrombin synthesis, leading to internal organs and subcutaneous bleeding, is a anticoagulant rodenticide. Enemy rat poison into the body can also directly damage the capillary wall, so that the body subcutaneous and visceral extensive bleeding, leading to oxygen poisoning. 

(1) symptoms of poisoning the enemy more to eating rat poisoning caused. High intake, the symptoms in a few hours, the general symptoms in three days. Poisoning symptoms of palpitation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, etc.; followed by extensive bleeding to occur, nose, mouth, gingival bleeding, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, hematuria, skin purpura and a low temperature, low blood pressure and other symptoms, serious When coma, shock. (2) First aid treatment 

① of poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, with 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution or saline gastric lavage and catharsis with sodium sulfate, try to toxic emissions. 

② using vitamin K, which is the most effective enemy of rat poisoning hemostatic agent, intravenous or intramuscular injection, once daily in patients with mild, per 10 grams, severe 2 to 3 times a day. 

③ severe loss of blood transfusion therapy should be given adequate vitamin C and hormone therapy, generally available from 100 to 300 mg hydrocortisone in 10% glucose solution intravenously, or land within the thiophene 20 and 40 mg of betamethasone to join the intravenous glucose solution. 

Need to highlight here is that warfarin, Coumatetralyl, and so are bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide, and their toxic mechanism, symptoms of poisoning, first aid treatment of mice with the enemy all the same. 

(4) Clofibrate Clofibrate low toxicity class rodenticide, objects, big rats and mice, but were less toxic, is usually caused by eating a lot of poisoning. Clofibrate through the digestive tract, respiratory tract into the body, mainly in lung, liver, kidney and nervous system, but most with the urine via the kidneys. Lung injury after poisoning mainly capillaries, leading to pulmonary edema and pleural effusion, can also cause liver, kidney, fatty degeneration and necrosis. 

(1) poisoning symptoms appeared after the first oral burning sensation, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, thirst and other symptoms, and difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, coughing up pink, foamy sputum. Pulmonary edema is Clofibrate typical symptoms of poisoning.Also appear conjunctival hyperemia, eye level tremor, irritability, hepatomegaly, jaundice, hematuria. Seriously by the whole body spasms, coma and shock. 

(2) First aid treatment 

① eating, should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, with 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution, 0.1% to 0.5% copper sulfate solution lavage, gastric lavage disable the alkaline solution, and then oral sulfate 30 grams of magnesium catharsis. 

② poisoning alkaline and fatty fast foods, so as not to accelerate the absorption of Clofibrate 

③ with 5 ml 10% intravenous sodium thiosulfate, 2 to 4 times a day. ④ strictly limit the infusion volume and infusion speed, you need to slow hypertonic glucose infusion should be given intravenously. 

⑤ early prevention of pulmonary edema, in the event, according to pulmonary edema, give vitamin K treatment.