Biological pesticides mainly refers to the traditional sense can be used to control diseases, insects, grass and other harmful organisms living organisms, made use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and other antagonistic microorganisms to control insect pest of the preparations. Now, the concept of bio-pesticides has been extended, is defined as used to control diseases, insects, grass and other harmful organisms and its metabolites in living organisms and genetically modified products and tradable goods can be made of biological source agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, plant growth regulators and insect pest resistance to transgenic plants.
In recent years, foreign development and application of biological pesticides developed rapidly. Chemical pesticides for growing show the drawbacks, some countries have developed a series of selective, high performance, non-polluting bio-pesticides. At present, bio-pesticides, the world's most popular fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, which can control about 200 kinds of pests; the most common bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, is mainly used for prevention and treatment of cotton, vegetables, fruit 150 kinds of other Lepidoptera and other pests, efficacy 55% higher than that of chemical pesticides; and insecticides can effectively control the virus litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SLNPV) and other difficult disorders. International commercialization of bio-pesticides has about 30 species, only a Bt preparation, with annual sales in 1997 amounted to $ 984,000,000. Statistics show that in 1990 U.S. sales of biological pesticides to 1,500 million U.S. dollars, and by 2000 estimated to have reached 600 million U.S. dollars. 3 years of biological pesticides in China grew by 80%, the proportion of 2000 sales increased from 9% to 20%, to be sure, as long as agricultural development, bio-pesticides will have more room for development.
Status of domestic products
Biological pesticides in China began in the early '50s, has more than 50 years of history. Has formed more than 30 research institutions, about 200 bio-pesticide production enterprises (there are about 2,000 pesticide manufacturers), the main varieties of Bt pesticides, agricultural antibiotics (Jinggangmycin, Liuyangmycin, more anti-mold Su, Avermectin, etc.), botanical pesticides (rotenone, nicotine saponin, Tung Su, etc.), transgenic plants (cotton, resistant to bacterial leaf blight of genetically modified rice, etc.), viral pesticides (Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis body of the virus, Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus, etc.), fungi, pesticides (Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma, etc.), plant growth regulators pesticides (5406 cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, etc.).
With the rise of the global biotechnology heat waves, pollution, no pollution, no residue, low cost and easy advantage of resistance to regain the favor of biological pesticides, and 10% -20% annual sales growth rate was a rapid development . According to the "Pesticide Registration Notice" statistics, more research in China and has product commercialization of biological pesticides are the following categories:
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Bt began in the 60's, has been developed to 80 factories, annual production of about 30,000 t products, in over 20 provinces and cities for the control of grain, cotton, fruit, vegetables, forestry and other crops The 20 kinds of pests, use of an area of more than 8,000 mu. Bt is currently working to improve the development process and improve product quality and direction, while continuing to look for new naturally occurring Bt strains and the use of molecular biology techniques will be identified strains of Bt genes form transforms strains.
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of such specific strong and fast development. Has developed 10 kinds of products, including cotton bollworm, cabbage caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, tea geometrid, etc., have been more than a dozen products have been registered, a representative of the developer is the CAS Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan University Oasis biotechnology company , yield more than tons.
Abamectin is the fastest growing in recent years, a macrolide antibiotic, the end of 2000, 198 enterprises have been approved production of a single dose of avermectin or avermectin mixtures as raw materials preparation of registration, the drug has a strong contact activity and stomach poison activity, can prevent citrus, forestry, cotton, vegetables, tobacco, rice and other crops on the variety of pests.
The development of antibiotic antibiotics in China earlier in the world advanced level of benefits, products Jinggangmycin, agricultural antibiotic 120, Gongzhuling adriamycin, blast off factors, Spring Thunder mold better than, streptomycin. It is worth mentioning that the development of Jinggangmycin 70s enduring, is still headed varieties of rice sheath blight control, the use of an area of 1.3 million mu (1 mu = 667 square meters), and on the basis of the original agent developed high levels of soluble powder, a further increase in use of the area. 90 years later, research and development of antibiotics, the rapid development of China approved the registration of such pesticide varieties in 20 species, 170 products, manufacturers of 253, the annual output of about 6-7 million t.
Biochemical pesticides to plant growth agents and insect growth regulator products, the domestic research and development have been a number of products. Among them, a long history of GA production, yield, manufacturers and more. Peak annual production of thousands of tons of production in recent years, decreasing GA. Moss BR cloud is a development of promising varieties. In addition, diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, avoid mosquito oil, ethephon, paclobutrazol, and the pink bollworm, bollworm sex attractant, interferon have been developed and entered industrial production, and some have been used for many years.
Problems in the Development Industry
Although biological pesticides currently in full swing in the international arena, but in the country compared with chemical pesticides, market share is still very low, summed up the following reasons:
Efficacy of biological pesticides do not have the slow reaction of chemical pesticides with less, the advantages of quick, sudden and destructive pests and diseases encountered, the bio-pesticides is harder and harder task. In addition, farmers that use highly toxic pesticides and bio-pesticide products on the market, and no significant price difference, which is part of the farmers do not want an important reason to use biological pesticides. Therefore, the quality of agricultural markets but also to establish effective monitoring and operational mechanism of poor quality and price.
Consumer awareness and strong technical skills, poor bio-pesticides, farmers need in the course of a technology, the concept of transition and adaptation process, the new product to market, the most important work lies in the promotion. Therefore, all agriculture-related departments should strengthen the publicity and promotion of bio-pesticides used, and enable the farmers to master the skills to use bio-pesticides, bio-pesticides used by farmers to improve their enthusiasm and initiative.
Enterprises are small at present, in China more than 200 bio-pesticide production enterprises, the vast majority of small businesses, which accounted for much of rural enterprises. These enterprises vulnerable to market shocks, in the pesticide market situation of supply exceeding demand sales difficult. Lack of funds and technical personnel, in addition to scientific research results into low, resulting in small-scale production of biological pesticides, a single product variety. At the same time, research and production out of line and so the production ratio of sales profits can not be used for product research and development by, the development of biological pesticides can enter the normal track of rapid development, and take the United Way is a priority.
Development Opportunities
Restricted the development of chemical pesticides because pesticides and the rapid development of the protection of human living environment and the growing awareness of the shortcomings of their own chemical pesticides, chemical pesticides in developing more and more difficult. Internationally, the demand for chemical pesticides saturated part of the year and a few varieties of a downward trend; domestic pesticide production overcapacity, in addition to a small amount of fungicides and herbicides there is a large development space, facing a variety of updates and pesticides reduce the production situation, the factors that limit the development of chemical pesticides are: ① pesticide development more difficult. The environment and the increasingly high demand for registration, forcing developers to look for better efficacy, the use of safer compounds, the success rate dropped sharply. ② carrying environmental pollution and damage to the notoriety of the ecological environment. As a whole, environmental pollution, pesticide pollution in the proportion should be relatively small. Admittedly, the heavy use of chemical pesticides than the direct cause poisoning to humans and animals, but also because of its soil and crops in the residue, soil, groundwater, rivers, lakes, pollution, especially to the survival of future generations, health risk. The use of efficient, broad-spectrum chemical pesticides to kill pests, but also eliminated a lot of useful natural enemies, so that the ecological balance of nature have been seriously damaged. ③ prone to drug resistance. Experimental results show that long-term and heavy use of chemical pesticides is easy to make insects resistant.
Motivated by venture capital GEM (the second board market) opening, bio-pesticides will bring new development opportunities. Biotechnology will soon be in the stock market to "beef up" as related to biotechnology, bio-pesticides plate, green plate, agricultural sector, these are investors chasing the hot rod. Venture capital injection of funds expected to exceed the bottleneck of biological pesticides, biological pesticides to the bigger and stronger.
With biotechnology, venture capital firms have been established, venture capital will play a great development of biological pesticides anchor and propeller effect. The introduction of venture capital funds, priority to the development of biological pesticides, and other high-tech bio-pesticides, pesticides promote comprehensive development of Chinese pesticide industry has become one of the directions.
Present in the motherboard market, more than 1,000 enterprises to pesticides as the main business of 17, of which Sanonda, pesticides, Shandong, Fujian, one of the best agriculture and other operators in 1999, performance statistics show that the main 17 companies average increase of 18.08% operating activities and net profit growth of 18.69% average return on equity was 9.69%, a number of economic indicators are more than the average corporate board index, the performance of the Main Board of pesticides plate for the majority of investors has been the consensus, as biological pesticides laid the foundation to enter the capital market.
China is most common features of biological pesticide companies are:
① biological pesticide technology has matured. Industry level has been high;
② high technological content;
③ The majority of small and medium businesses, products, relatively simple, but the main business of outstanding biological pesticide;
④ start and there is a big gap around the capital.
Restricting the great development of China's current bio-pesticides is the main crux of the serious shortage of funds, the introduction of venture capital funds into risk markets to develop bio-pesticides has become a shortcut. Most biological pesticides foreign venture capital companies with marriage, work together to the development of biological pesticides. Venture capitalists generally optimistic about the bio-pesticides, bio-pesticides that "money" way brilliant. After the network concept, the U.S. venture capitalists have to advance the field of biotechnology. Wall Street, the market value of biotech stocks more than doubled in 2000, worth up to 3,000 billion; the Nasdaq composite index of biotechnology stocks in 2000, an increase of 321% in; Standard & Poor's index of biotechnology stocks in the index climbed all the way, an increase of more than 100%.
While in the development of biological pesticides, there are some problems, but because of its high efficiency, broad spectrum of safety and environmental compatibility of human and animal characteristics, and its development prospects are very broad and will also become the leading products of pesticides. (From China, bio-pesticides Network)
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